The Uses and Commercial Value Of Ox Gallstones

Sedative effect

 

Sedative effect: It has an antagonistic effect on central nervous system stimulants and a synergistic effect on central nervous system depressants.

Ox gallstones can antagonize the central excitement symptoms in mice caused by caffeine, camphor, and picrotoxin, and can enhance the sedative effects of chloral hydrate, urethane, morphine, or sodium barbiturate.

The taurine contained in it has a central inhibitory effect, which can reduce the spontaneous activities and treadmill activities of mice, and enhance the hypnotic effect of subthreshold sodium pentobarbital on mice.

Anticonvulsant and antiepileptic effects

 

 

Cow gallstones has the effect of inhibiting convulsions in mice caused by camphor, caffeine, picrotoxin, etc., but it is ineffective against strychnine and pentylenetetrazole convulsions.

Taurine can significantly prolong the latency of strychnine-induced convulsions in mice.

Taurine parapentylenetetrazole, trichoside G, bicuculline, picrotoxin, nitric oxide, aluminum oxide, 4-aminopyridine, penicillin, hyperbaric oxygen, hypoxia, low calcium, audiogenic, L-kynurenine and light-induced convulsions also have inhibitory effects. But semicarbazide has a facilitating effect on convulsions.

Taurine parapentylenetetrazole, trichoside G, bicuculline, picrotoxin, nitric oxide, aluminum oxide, 4-aminopyridine, penicillin, hyperbaric oxygen, hypoxia, low calcium, audiogenic, L-kynurenine and light-induced convulsions also have inhibitory effects. But semicarbazide has a facilitating effect on convulsions.

Antipyretic effect

 

 

Ox gallstones has no effect on lowering the body temperature of normal rats, but it can inhibit the fever caused by 2,4-dinitrophenol in rats and reduce the body temperature of rats with fever caused by yeast.

Animal experiments suggest that taurine may act as a mediator in the hypothalamus to regulate body temperature.

The cooling effect of larger doses of taurine may be due to diffusion to other brain areas related to body temperature regulation, and the deoxycholic acid it contains also has an antipyretic effect. There have been some speculations about its antipyretic effect mechanism, such as It is believed that taurine may be an inhibitory mediator of the fever reaction.

Anti-brain injury and cerebral vascular protection

 

 

Bezoar can significantly improve the neurological deficit symptoms of rats in the 24 hours and 72 hours of ischemia-reperfusion.

After 24 hours of ischemia and reperfusion, bezoar can significantly promote the expression of nerve growth factor.

Culturing bezoar in vitro can significantly extend the survival time of hypoxic mice and reduce pathological damage to brain tissue. This effect may be related to the fact that culturing bezoar in vitro can reduce malondialdehyde content in brain tissue, increase superoxide dismutase activity, and enhance the body's ability to scavenge free radicals. It is closely related to reducing the damage of lipid peroxidation to brain tissue.

Analgesic effect

 

 

Oral administration of cow gallstones to mice has no obvious analgesic effect.

 

 

2.Effects on the cardiovascular system

Bull gallstones and cholic acid all show cardiotonic effects on isolated frog, guinea pig and rabbit hearts, while deoxycholic acid, sodium taurocholate, sodium taurodeoxycholate and biligreen It exhibits cardioinhibitory effects.

Taurine can resist arrhythmias induced by epinephrine, digoxin and digitalis. It can significantly antagonize stress-induced arrhythmias and the reduction of myocardial contraction and diastolic function in rats, and protect myocardial tissue from stress damage.

The isolated rabbit ear perfusion experiment proved that bull gallstones has the effect of dilating blood vessels. bull gallstones and cholic acid have a constrictive effect on the coronary blood vessels of guinea pigs, among which cholic acid has a weak effect.

Oral administration of neat gallstones can produce significant and lasting antihypertensive effects on spontaneously hypertensive rats and renal hypertensive rats.

Deoxycholic acid, bilirubin, taurine, SMS, etc. also have varying degrees of antihypertensive effects.

Among them, taurine can reduce the blood pressure of rats with essential hypertension and delay the development of hypertension.

However, calcium deoxycholate has no obvious antihypertensive effect on normal rats.

The antihypertensive effects of neat gallstones and its components are different. They are related to blood vessel dilation, anti-adrenaline effect, and may also be central antihypertensive effects.

 

 

Bezoars, cholic acid, sodium deoxycholate, etc. have certain antitussive, expectorant and antiasthmatic effects.

Animal experiments have shown that bezoar can stimulate breathing.

Bezoar can increase the secretion of phenol red in the bronchial tubes of mice, and has a significant inhibitory effect on coughing in mice caused by ammonia mist stimulation.

Moreover, the sodium cholate in bezoar can inhibit the reflex cough caused by electrical stimulation of the superior laryngeal nerve in anesthetized cats, and has the effect of dilating the bronchi, and can antagonize the bronchoconstriction caused by histamine and pilocarpine.

(1)Effect on gastrointestinal motility and intestinal smooth muscle: bezoar has the effect of stimulating intestinal peristalsis and laxative. The bile acid and deoxycholic acid contained in it stimulate peristalsis in small doses and spasm in large doses to the gyrus and colon of isolated guinea pigs. The bezoar also has an antispasmodic effect, and experiments have found that the bezoar can resist the excitatory effect of Ach and Bac-12 in the isolated ileum of rats. It can be seen that the effect of bezoar on intestinal smooth muscle is the comprehensive effect of various components contained in it. However, in terms of its overall manifestation, it mainly presents an antispasmodic effect that inhibits smooth muscle spasms. 



(2)Choleretic and protective effect on experimental liver injury: Aqueous solution of bezoar can relax the biliary sphincter of rats and promote bile excretion. Experiments have shown that the smooth muscle contractile component (SMC) in the bezoar inhibits the smooth muscle of the gallbladder and the sphincter of the biliary ostium, thereby inhibiting the excretion of bile, but most of the bile acids, especially deoxycholic acid, can relax the biliary sphincter and thus have a choleretic effect. These two types of antagonistic substances form a functional coordination system for bile excretion in the body. Taurine has a protective effect on carbon tetrachloride-induced liver injury in mice and inhibits the resulting elevation of alanine aminotransferase. Pathological sections showed that taurine had a significant protective effect on hepatocytes, suggesting that taurine could promote hepatocyte rehabilitation and prevent fatty liver.

 

 

 

 Bezoar not only has a significant inhibitory effect on all stages of inflammation, but its aqueous solution of 100mg/kg can also improve the phagocytic function of peritoneal macrophages in mice, and the same effect can be obtained by intraperitoneal injection or intramuscular injection. It can alleviate the ear swelling caused by xylene and the foot swelling of rats caused by egg white can reduce the increase of peritoneal capillary permeability in mice caused by acetic acid, and inhibit the migration of polymorphonuclear cells. It has a strong inhibitory effect on formaldehyde filter granulation tissue hyperplasia in rats and granuloma in cotton balls in mice. Intragastric administration of artificially cultivated bezoar could significantly reduce the content of malondialdehyde (MDA) in the inflammatory exudate of carrageenan, reduce the content of nitric oxide (NO) in the pleural fluid of rat pleurisy model rats, and significantly enhance the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD).

 

Studies have shown that mice are subcutaneously infected with Japanese encephalic viruses from different times to determine whether brain endotoxins and natural bezoars have inhibitory effects. Sodium chenodedeoxycholate, sodium cholate, and sodium deoxycholate in natural bezoars also have inhibitory effects on Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus, and Tetracoccus. Bovine bile, sodium deoxycholate, and sodium glycocholate can inhibit the growth of Bacillus pertussis, sodium cholate, sodium bozocholate, and sodium chenodeoxycholate have different degrees of antibacterial effect on Bacillus pertussis, and combined with bile acids have inhibitory effects on Mycobacterium tuberculosis. It has similar inhibitory effects on tetracoccus, Staphylococcus aureus, Nyschococcus, Streptococcus, chenodeoxycholic acid, porcine deoxycholic acid, and deoxycholic acid.

 

The experimental results showed that the three traditional Chinese medicine preparations with bezoar as the main drug could scavenge reactive oxygen species and exert their antagonism against the oxidative stress damage caused by n-hexane, which had a certain protective effect on the oxidative damage toxicity induced by n-hexane. Bezoar may have combined antioxidant effects by inhibiting lipid peroxidation, scavenging free radicals and GSH. The cultivation of bezoar has obvious anti-liver homogenate lipid peroxidation effect. At the same time, the cultivation of bezoar has significant scavenging ability to superoxide anion radicals and hydroxyl radicals. Therefore, anti-lipid oxidation and scavenging reactive oxygen species free radicals are one of the important pharmacological effects of cultivating bezoar. 

 

 

 Experimental results showed that artificial cultivation of ox gallstones bovis (ICCB) could significantly increase the activities of SOD, GSH-PX, and GSH in the brain, heart, liver tissue and serum, and improve the total antioxidant capacity. Significantly reduced the content of malondialdehyde (MDA), a lipid peroxidation product. The results showed that ICCB could improve the body's blockade and scavenge free radicals, reduce the damage of lipid peroxidation to cells, protect the integrity of cells and play an anti-aging role. It had an inhibitory effect on the activities of MAO, MDA and lipofuscin, suggesting that ICCB had a certain anti-aging effect.

 

A large number of experimental studies have confirmed that the anti-tumor mechanism of natural cow gallstones generally plays a role in inducing apoptosis of tumor cells and antioxidant scavenging reactive oxygen species and free radicals.

 

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